What is Automatic Generation Control (AGC) ?

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Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is a system used in power grids to automatically adjust the output of multiple generators in real-time to maintain the balance between electricity supply and demand, and to keep system frequency and inter-area power flows within desired limits.

🔧 Key Functions of AGC:

  1. Frequency Regulation: Maintains grid frequency close to nominal (e.g., 50 Hz in India).
  2. Load Balancing: Adjusts generation to match real-time demand.
  3. Tie-Line Control: Manages power exchange between different control areas or regions.
  4. Automatic Dispatch: Sends control signals to generators to increase or decrease output.

⚙️ How AGC Works:

  • AGC receives real-time data from grid sensors (SCADA systems).
  • It compares actual frequency and tie-line flows with scheduled values.
  • Based on deviations, it sends signals to participating generators to adjust their output.
  • This happens every few seconds to maintain grid stability.

🌐 AGC in India:

  • AGC implementation is part of India's efforts to modernize grid operations and integrate variable renewable energy (RE).
  • CERC has mandated AGC for certain central generating stations.
  • AGC helps in providing secondary frequency control, which is crucial for RE-rich grids.

🧩 AGC and Renewable Energy Integration:

  • RE sources like solar and wind are intermittent.
  • AGC helps balance these fluctuations by quickly adjusting conventional generation.
  • It complements other flexibility resources like battery storage and demand response.

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